Dollar slides on trade and tax fears

While the European Central Bank keeps cutting interest rates, the euro keeps rising, as a transatlantic capital reversal upends relative rate shifts and threatens to force the ECB into further easing. 

The ECB is widely expected to lower its main borrowing rate on Thursday to 2%, half what it was at its peak a year ago and less than half the Federal Reserve equivalent. It's also back to what the central bank broadly considers a 'neutral' level, meaning it neither spurs nor reins in the economy.

Real, or inflation-adjusted, ECB rates will be back to zero for the first time in almost two years.

What's remarkable is that after eight consecutive ECB cuts and with the prospect of zero or even negative real rates ahead, the euro has surged more than 10% against the dollar in just four months and 5% against a trade-weighted currency basket of the euro zone's major trading partners.

That nominal effective euro index is now at record highs, with the 'real' version at its strongest level in more than 10 years. 

The currency has surged even though there has been no net change in the gap between two-year government bond yields on either side of the Atlantic - usually a reliable indicator of shifts in the euro/dollar exchange rate.

Graphics are produced by Reuters.

The culprits behind this trend are pretty clear: Donald Trump's tariff wars, fears of capital flight from dollar assets due to a host of concerns about U.S. policies and institutions, and Germany's historic fiscal boost that has transformed the continent's outlook.

But if even a fraction of the trillions of dollars of European investment capital in the United States is indeed coming back home as many suspect, the ECB has a curious conundrum ahead. How does it handle both the disinflationary effects of such a rapid currency rise alongside the domestic demand it could catalyse?

Lower rates with the prospect of further easing ahead are clearly having little impact on the euro. Most ECB watchers expect one or two more cuts after Thursday while money markets have a 'terminal rate' around 1.75%, the low end of the ECB's estimated range of 'neutral'.

Indeed, if much of the capital repatriation from overweight U.S. holdings is in equity investments, then lower ECB rates may even accelerate the outflows from the U.S. by lifting growth prospects for cheaper stocks in Europe.

Graphics are produced by Reuters.

U.S. gross domestic product readings have been bamboozled this year by tariff-related import skews. Again last week, models tracking GDP inputs were jarred by a sharp contraction in the goods trade deficit for April as front-running of imports to beat tariffs in the first quarter faded.

With many tariffs in place, imports plunged and helping to compress the goods trade deficit by 46% to $88 billion, according to the Commerce Department's Census Bureau. Imports fell $68 billion to $276 billion while exports rose $6.3 billion to $188.5 billion.

The shrinking goods deficit, if sustained, suggests the net trade component of GDP calculations will spur a significant rebound in growth this quarter, much like it sliced a record 4.9 percentage points from Q1 GDP - leading to a headline contraction in the overall economy.

Flattered by the trade numbers, the Atlanta Federal Reserve's 'GDPNow' tracker now sees a whopping Q2 real GDP rebound of 3.8%. However, there is caution. Businesses do not appear to be restocking, with wholesale inventories unchanged last month and stocks at retailers down 0.1% and there is concern stockpiles may well drop sharply over the remainder of the quarter.

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